February 10, 2024 | Dr. Silvana Jakupovic, ND
As the red and white banners unfurl and fireworks light up the sky, Canada Day emerges not just as a celebration of the nation's confederation but as a reflection of its rich tapestry of culture and heritage. Amidst the familiar symbols of maple leaves and the spirited renditions of "O Canada," there lies an often-overlooked aspect of Canadian legacy – the ancient and profound knowledge of medicinal mushrooms.
This Canada Day, we're taking a twist on tradition by discussing the healing powers of Canada's native medicinal mushrooms, a cornerstone of the natural heritage that this great country stands proudly upon.
• Turkey Tail Mushroom Benefits
• Celebrate Canada Day with Mushrooms
The Historical Significance of Medicinal Mushrooms in Canada
Medicinal mushrooms, with their mystical allure and profound mushroom health benefits, have been a part of traditional medicine for thousands of years. In Canada, these natural wonders are not just remnants of the past; they are living, breathing entities that continue to flourish in the lush, diverse ecosystems spread across the country. From the dense, moisture-laden forests of British Columbia to the deciduous expanses of Quebec, these fungi form an integral part of the Canadian landscape.
Long before Canada was known by its current name, and even before the arrival of European settlers, the land's Indigenous peoples had a profound connection with nature. Integral to this connection were the medicinal mushrooms, revered for their healing properties and deeply embedded in the cultural fabric of these communities. The use of these mushrooms was not merely a matter of health; it was a ritual, a sacred practice that intertwined with their spiritual beliefs and understanding of the world around them.
Canadian Mushroom Guide: Medicinal Mushroom Research
Transitioning from the historical to the contemporary, Canadian medicinal mushrooms have not only sustained their legacy but have also flourished under the lens of modern science. Today, these fungi are not just remnants of ancestral wisdom but are components of cutting-edge health research and wellness trends across Canada.
Chaga Health Benefits
One of the most prominent medicinal mushrooms is the Chaga mushroom. Thriving on the birches of Canada's cold climates, Chaga's rich antioxidant content is a subject of considerable interest in modern medicine. A Chaga inflammation remedy has been used to tackle chronic diseases in traditional medicine around the world.
Extensive studies have revealed that Chaga mushrooms are abundant in antioxidants like phenols, flavonoids, and melanin [1]. These components are highly effective in eliminating free radicals and counteracting reactive oxygen species (ROS) [2]. Furthermore, Chaga is known to boost the function of vital antioxidant enzymes in our body, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase [3]. These enzymes are crucial for decomposing harmful ROS and protecting cells from damage.
Chaga's antioxidant abilities also include reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), known for contributing to oxidative stress [4]. Through these actions, Chaga mushrooms offer a strong defence against oxidative stress, promoting overall health and well-being.
Reishi for Stress Relief
Another notable example is the Reishi mushroom, traditionally known as the “mushroom of immortality.” Valued for its adaptogenic properties, Reishi is believed to help the body resist stressors of all kinds, whether physical, chemical, or biological. This attribute has made it a favourite in holistic wellness, with many Canadians incorporating Reishi supplements into their daily routines for improved mental wellness and immune support.
Anxiety is a natural stress response. When exposed to continuous stress, anxiety can intensify, leading to sleep disturbances and social challenges due to excessive worry and persistent thoughts. A notable study demonstrated Reishi's ability to extend total sleep duration and the period of non-rapid eye movement sleep(NREM), contributing to more restorative sleep [5].
Adequate sleep plays a critical role in stress reduction, as it helps the body rejuvenate and prepare for the next day. While stress elevates cortisol (stress hormone) levels, sleep helps to lower them. Insufficient rest can therefore amplify stress' impact on the body.
Turkey Tail for Immunity
The Turkey Tail mushroom, easily identified by its colourful, concentric rings, has been a focus of scientific studies, particularly in the field of immunotherapy. Its polysaccharide-K (PSK) content has been studied for its potential to support cancer treatment, heralding a new era of immune-boosting mushrooms, and integrating traditional knowledge with modern medicine [6].
Turkey tail mushrooms are also a source of a polysaccharide-protein complex known as PSP, which is rich in beta-glucans. Studies show that these compounds, which activate the immune system, can significantly enhance the production of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in macrophages exposed to Turkey Tail [7].
This activation improves the macrophages' ability to engulf and eliminate bacteria. The findings of this research suggest that the antibacterial properties of Turkey Tail natural medicine may offer a potential alternative to traditional antibiotics in managing certain drug-resistant bacterial infections.
Lion’s Mane Health Benefits
Lion's Mane mushroom has long been esteemed in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine for its benefits in enhancing brain and cognitive function. Historical records frequently mention it as a natural solution for boosting memory, focus, and mental clarity. As interest in natural remedies increases, Lion's Mane is now gaining the spotlight in contemporary research.
With age, our brains gradually lose the capacity to maintain or create new neuronal connections, which can lead to a decrease in mental agility and memory. The use of Lion’s Mane for brain health continues to increase. Lion’s Mane mushroom is known for its two active compounds, hericenones and erinacines, which have been shown to promote the growth of brain cells, a process termed neurogenesis [8].
Research revealed that using standardized extracts of hericenones and erinacine can help reverse age-associated deterioration in recognition memory in mice [8]. Recognition memory is our ability to recognize previously encountered events, objects, or people, and it often weakens with age. This study linked the improvements in memory to enhanced neurogenesis in the brain's hippocampal and cerebellar regions [8]. While the cerebellum mainly manages motor functions, the hippocampus is crucial for learning and memory.
Canada Day Celebrations with Natural Healing Mushrooms
In the spirit of Canada Day, the celebration of the nation's heritage can be beautifully intertwined with the recognition of its rich natural resources, including medicinal mushrooms. These fungi can be symbolically and practically incorporated into the festivities, offering a unique blend of tradition, health, and national pride.
Creative ideas for including mushroom themes in Canada Day events are plentiful. Culinary enthusiasts might explore mushroom-infused recipes that reflect Canadian cuisine. Imagine a Canada Day barbecue where Chaga-infused marinades meet grilling meats or Turkey Tail mushrooms are blended into savoury sauces. These dishes not only tantalize the taste buds but also infuse the celebrations with a touch of wellness.
Educational workshops can be another exciting avenue. On a day when Canadians reflect on their history and culture, learning about the historical and current uses of medicinal mushrooms can be both enlightening and engaging. Such workshops could involve local herbalists or indigenous educators, offering a hands-on experience with mushroom foraging, identification, and usage.
Moreover, these celebrations can serve as a platform for promoting awareness about the sustainable use of these natural resources. Encouraging responsible foraging and highlighting the importance of preserving Canada's diverse ecosystems can be integral to these festivities, ensuring that the legacy of these natural wonders is preserved for generations to come.
Healing Power of Mushrooms: Canadian Mushroom Remedies
From the Chaga mushroom, a symbol of resilience and vitality in the harsh Canadian winters, to the Reishi, known for its balancing effects on the mind and body, each mushroom tells a story. These stories are woven into the fabric of Canadian culture, reflecting a nation that respects and harnesses the power of nature in its pursuit of wellness and harmony.
This celebration is a call to action. It urges us not only to recognize and appreciate the natural wonders of Canada but also to actively engage in preserving and maintaining this heritage. It's a call to embrace sustainable foraging practices, support conservation efforts, and continue exploring the ways these natural resources can enhance our lives.
As the red and white hues of Canada Day permeate the country, let us remember that the true colours of Canada extend beyond these. They are found in the rich browns and subtle greens of the forest floor, in the hues of mushrooms that dot the landscape, and in the diverse tapestry of cultures and traditions that respect and utilize these natural gifts.
In celebrating Canada Day, we celebrate not just a country, but a living, breathing ecosystem that sustains and enriches us. We celebrate the wisdom of the past and the innovations of the present, all converging in a land that continues to inspire awe and gratitude. So, as we raise our flags and sing our anthems, let's also raise a toast to the healing powers of Canada's medicinal mushrooms – a tribute to the enduring spirit of health, harmony, and unity that they symbolize in the heart of every Canadian.
References
[1] Zheng W, Miao K, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang M. Phenolics from Inonotus obliquus and their antioxidant and antitumor activities. Food Funct. 2018;9(7):3420-3431. doi:10.1039/c8fo00090a
[2] Wang Y, Liu Y, Du X, Ma H, Yao J. Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide regulates gut microbiota of chronic pancreatitis in mice. AMB Express. 2020;10(1):130. doi:10.1186/s13568-020-01068-4
[3] Choi JY, Shin KM, Kim HM, et al. Antioxidative effects of Phellinus linteus and red ginseng extracts on oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. J Med Food. 2006;9(1):35-42. doi:10.1089/jmf.2006.9.35
[4] Zhou L, Yang HL, Zhou MQ, et al. The immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides from Inonotus obliquus on macrophages through the TLR4 pathway, not the Dectin-1 pathway. Int J Biol Macromol. 2015;81:957-965. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.09.021
[5] Cui XY, Cui SY, Zhang J, Wang ZJ, Yu B, Sheng ZF, Zhang XQ, Zhang YH. Extract of Ganoderma lucidum prolongs sleep time in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Feb 15;139(3):796-800. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.020. Epub 2011 Dec 21. PMID: 22207209.
[6] PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board. Medicinal Mushrooms (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2022 Jul 29. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK424937/
[7] Shao-Hua Shi, Wen-Tao Yang, Ke-Yan Huang, Yan-Long Jiang, Gui-Lian Yang, Chun-Feng Wang, Yu Li. β-glucans from Coriolus versicolor protect mice against S. typhimurium challenge by activation of macrophages.International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Volume 86, 2016, Pages 352-361. ISSN 0141-8130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.058.
[8] Ratto D, Corana F, Mannucci B, Priori EC, Cobelli F, Roda E, Ferrari B, Occhinegro A, Di Iorio C, De Luca F, Cesaroni V, Girometta C, Bottone MG, Savino E, Kawagishi H, Rossi P. Hericium erinaceus Improves Recognition Memory and Induces Hippocampal and Cerebellar Neurogenesis in Frail Mice during Aging. Nutrients. 2019 Mar 27;11(4):715. doi: 10.3390/nu11040715. PMID: 30934760; PMCID: PMC6521003.
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