Studies + Research + References

Eversio Wellness sends MUCH GRATITUDE to the many scientists, doctors and researchers who are highlighted below.  Our ancestors had deep cultural connections to fungi, but today they remain understudied and often misunderstood by much of modern society.  It is our hope that an emerging and renewed interest in mushrooms as medicine and continued research will help more citizens realize the potential they hold for the future of our planet and its people.

 

GENERAL FUNCTIONAL MUSHROOM RESEARCH

• DEPRESSION: Lew SY, Teoh SL, Lim SH, Lim LW, Wong KH. Discovering the Potentials of Medicinal Mushrooms in Combating Depression - A Review. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2020;20(15):1518-1531. doi:10.2174/1389557520666200526125534

• CANCER THERAPY: Artem Blagodatski, Margarita Yatsunskaya, Valeriia Mikhailova, Vladlena Tiasto, Alexander Kagansky, Vladimir L. Katanaev. Medicinal mushrooms as an attractive new source of natural compounds for future cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2018, 9 (49) , 29259-29274. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.25660

• INFLAMMATION: Elsayed, E. A., El Enshasy, H., Wadaan, M. A., & Aziz, R. (2014). Mushrooms: a potential natural source of anti-inflammatory compounds for medical applications. Mediators of inflammation, 2014, 805841. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/805841NLM

• IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTION: Structure-Functional Activity Relationship of β-Glucans From the Perspective of Immunomodulation: A Mini-Review. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7188827/

• FUNGAL BETA-GLUCANS: Akramiene D, Kondrotas A, Didziapetriene J, Kevelaitis E. Effects of beta-glucans on the immune system. Medicina (Kaunas). 2007;43(8):597-606. PMID: 17895634.

• FUNGAL BETA-GLUCANS: Giorgio Camilli, Guillaume Tabouret and Jessica Quintin The Complexity of Fungal β-Glucan in Health and Disease: Effects on the Mononuclear Phagocyte System - Immunology of Fungal Infections, Department of Mycology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France - Université de Toulouse, INRA, INP, ENVT, IHAP, Toulouse, France 

• COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT: The Association between Mushroom Consumption and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Singapore  https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad180959

• INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: Natural-Derived Polysaccharides From Plants, Mushrooms, and Seaweeds for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front. Pharmacol., 26 April 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.651813

• ANTI-FATIGUE: Geng P, Siu KC, Wang Z, Wu JY. Antifatigue Functions and Mechanisms of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:9648496. doi:10.1155/2017/9648496

• ANTI-OBESITY: Ganesan, K., & Xu, B. (2018). Anti-Obesity Effects of Medicinal and Edible Mushrooms. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 23(11), 2880. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112880

• INTEGRATIVE ONCOLOGY: Immune Modulation From Five Major Mushrooms: Application to Integrative Oncology Alena G. Guggenheim, ND, Kirsten M. Wright, BS, and Heather L. Zwickey, PhD

 

TURKEY TAIL - (Trametes versicolor)

• CANCER: FDA Approves Bastyr Turkey Tail Trial for Cancer Patients https://bastyr.edu/news/general-news/2012/11/fda-approves-bastyr-turkey-tail-trial-cancer-patients

• CANCER: National Cancer Institute – Medicinal Mushrooms (Physician Data Query) https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/patient/mushrooms-pdq

• LUNG CANCER: Fritz H, Kennedy DA, Ishii M, Fergusson D, Fernandes R, Cooley K, Seely D. Polysaccharide K and Coriolus versicolor extracts for lung cancer: a systematic review. Integr Cancer Ther. 2015 May;14(3):201-11. doi: 10.1177/1534735415572883. Epub 2015 Mar 17. PMID: 25784670.

• BREAST CANCER: Standish LJ, Wenner CA, Sweet ES, et al. Trametes versicolor mushroom immune therapy in breast cancer. J Soc Integr Oncol. 2008;6(3):122-128.

• INHIBITED TUMOR GROWTH: Polysaccharide krestin is a novel TLR2 agonist that mediates inhibition of tumor growth via stimulation of CD8 T cells and NK cells. 2011 Jan 1;17(1):67-76. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-1763.Epub 2010 Nov 10. 

• RESEARCH REVIEW: A review of research on the protein-bound polysaccharide (polysaccharopeptide, PSP) from the mushroom Coriolus versicolor (Basidiomycetes: Polyporaceae)  Gen Pharmcol. 1998 Jan;30(1):1-4. doi: 10.1016/s0306-3623(97)00076-1. T B Ng

• LITERATURE REVIEW: Medicinal Value of Turkey Tail Fungus Trametes versicolor (L.:Fr.) Pilát (Aphyllophoromycetideae). A Literature Review - Christopher R. HobbsInstitute for Natural Products Research, Davis, California, USA International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, Vol. 6, pp. 195–218 (2004)

 

LION'S MANE - (Hericium erinaceus)

• NEUROTROPHIC COMPOUNDS: Se Hwan Ryu, Seong Min Hong, Zahra Khan, Seul Ki Lee, Manjunatha Vishwanath, Ayman Turk, Sang Won Yeon, Yang Hee Jo, Dae Hee Lee, Jae Kang Lee, Bang Yeon Hwang, Jae-Kyung Jung, Sun Yeou Kim, Mi Kyeong Lee, Neurotrophic isoindolinones from the fruiting bodies of Hericium erinaceus, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Volume 31, 2021, 127714, ISSN 0960-894X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127714.

• MOOD + SLEEP: Vigna L, Morelli F, Agnelli GM, et al. Hericium erinaceus Improves Mood and Sleep Disorders in Patients Affected by Overweight or Obesity: Could Circulating Pro-BDNF and BDNF Be Potential Biomarkers?. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019;2019:7861297. Published 2019 Apr 18. doi:10.1155/2019/7861297

• IMMUNE SYSTEM ACTIVATION: Di Wu, Shan Yang, Chuan Tang, Yanfang Liu, Qiaozhen Li, Henan Zhang, Fengjie Cui, Yan Yang. Structural Properties and Macrophage Activation of Cell Wall Polysaccharides from the Fruiting Bodies of Hericium erinaceus. Polymers 2018, 10 (8) , 850. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10080850

• DEPRESSION: Wei Yao, Ji-chun Zhang, Chao Dong, Cun Zhuang, Susumu Hirota, Kazutoyo Inanaga, Kenji Hashimoto, Effects of amycenone on serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-10, and depression-like behavior in mice after lipopolysaccharide administration, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Volume 136, 2015, Pages 7-12, ISSN 0091-3057

• INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: Schwartz, B., & Hadar, Y. (2014). Possible mechanisms of action of mushroom-derived glucans on inflammatory bowel disease and associated cancer. Annals of translational medicine, 2(2), 19. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.01.03

• LEARNING + MEMORY: Mori K, Obara Y, Moriya T, Inatomi S, Nakahata N. Effects of Hericium erinaceus on amyloid β(25-35) peptide-induced learning and memory deficits in mice. Biomed Res. 2011 Feb;32(1):67-72. doi: 10.2220/biomedres.32.67. PMID: 21383512.

• ANXIETY + DEPRESSION: Journal of Medicinal Food Vol. 21, No. 2 - Hericium erinaceus Extract Reduces Anxiety and Depressive Behaviors by Promoting Hippocampal Neurogenesis in the Adult Mouse Brain Sun Ryu, Hyoun Geun Kim, Joo Youn Kim, Seong Yun Kim, and Kyung-Ok Cho - Published Online:1 Feb 2018.

• MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT: Mori K, Inatomi S, Ouchi K, Azumi Y, Tuchida T. Improving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2009;23:367–72.

• NEUROTROPHIC: Lai, P. L.; Naidu, M.; Sabaratnam, V.; Wong, K. H.; David, R. P.; Kuppusamy, U. R.; Abdullah, N.; Malek, S. N. Neurotrophic properties of the Lion’s Mane medicinal mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms. 2013;15:539−554.

• NERVE REGENERATION: Wong KH, Naidu M, David RP, Abdulla MA, Abdullah N, Kuppusamy UR, et al. Peripheral nerve regeneration following crush injury to rat peroneal nerve by aqueous extract of medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr) Pers. (Aphyllophoromycetideae). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;580752.

• NERVE GROWTH FACTOR: Ma BJ, Shen JW, Yu HY, Ruan Y, Wu TT, Zhao Z, Hericenones and erinacines: stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF) biosynthesis in Hericium erinaceus, Mycology. 2010;1:92–98.

• IMMUNE SYSTEM ACTIVATION: Lee JS, Min KM, Cho JY, Hong EK. Study of macrophage activation and structural characteristics of purified polysaccharides from the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009;19:951–9.

• LEUKEMIA: Kim SP, Kang MY, Choi YH, Kim JH, Nam SH, Friedman M. Mechanism of Hericium erinaceus (Yamabushitake) mushroom-induced apoptosis of U937 human monocytic leukemia cells. Food Funct. 2011;2:348–56.

• ANTI-TUMOR: Mizuno T, Wasa T, Ito H, Suzuki C, Ukai N, Antitumor-active polysaccharides isolated from the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceum, an edible and medicinal mushroom called yamabushitake or houtou, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 1992;56:347–348.

• GASTRIC CANCER: Zan XY, Cui FJ, Li YH, Yang Y, Wu D et al. Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide-protein HEG-5 inhibits SGC-7901 cell growth via cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2015;76:242–253.

•  NEUROPROTECTIVE: Kim, M. K.; Choi, W. Y.; Lee, H. Y. Enhancement of the neuroprotective activity of Hericium erinaceus mycelium co-cultivated with Allium sativum extract. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 2015;121:19−25.

• NEUROREGENERATIVE: Wong KH, Naidu M, David RP, Bakar R, Sabaratnam V. Neuroregenerative potential of Lion’s Mane mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. (higher Basidiomycetes), in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury (review). Int. J. Med. Mushrooms. 2012;14:427−446.

• NERVE GROWTH FACTOR: Mori, K.; Obara, Y.; Hirota, M.; Azumi, Y.; Kinugasa, S.; Inatomi, S.; Nakahata, N. Nerve growth factor-inducing activity of Hericium erinaceus in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2008;31:1727−1732.

• ANTI-MICROBIAL + ANTI-OXIDANT: Wong KH, Sabaratnam V, Abdullah N, Kuppusamy UR, Naidu M. Effects of cultivation techniques and processing on antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Hericium erinaceus (Bull.:Fr.) Pers. extracts. Food Technol Biotechnol. 2009;47:47–55.

• ISCHEMIA INJURY: Lee, KF, Chen, JH, Teng, CC, Shen, CH, Hsieh, MC, et al. Protective effects of Hericium erinaceus mycelium and its isolated erinacine A against ischemia-injury-induced neuronal cell death via the inhibition of iNOS/p38 MAPK and nitrotyrosine. Int. J.Mol. Sci. 2014;15:15073−15089.

• DEPRESSION + ANXIETY: Nagano M, Shimizu K, Kondo R, Hayashi C, Sato D, Kitagawa K, et al. Reduction of depression and anxiety by 4 weeks Hericium erinaceus intake. Biomed Res. 2010;31:231–7.

• H PYLORI: Zhu Y, Chen Y, Li Q, Zhao T, Zhang M, Feng W, et al. Preparation, characterization, and anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of Bi3+-Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide complex. Carbohydr. Polym. 2014;110:231−237.

• OSTEOARTHRITIS: Md. Rahman, Hyun-Kyu Kim, Seong-Eun Kim, Myung-Jin Kim, Do-Hyung Kim, Hak Lee. Chondroprotective Effects of a Standardized Extract (KBH-JP-040) from Kalopanax pictus, Hericium erinaceus, and Astragalus membranaceus in Experimentally Induced In Vitro and In Vivo Osteoarthritis Models. Nutrients 2018, 10 (3) , 356. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu1003035

• MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: Lion’s mane and multiple sclerosis: Is it effective?  Medically reviewed by Heidi Moawad, M.D. — Written by Caitlin Geng on August 12, 2021

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/lions-mane-and-multiple-sclerosis

 

CORDYCEPS - (Cordyceps militaris)

• ANTI-INFLAMMATORY: Elsayed, E. A., El Enshasy, H., Wadaan, M. A., & Aziz, R. (2014). Mushrooms: a potential natural source of anti-inflammatory compounds for medical applications. Mediators of inflammation, 2014, 805841. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/805841NLMElsayed EA, El Enshasy H, Wadaan MA, Aziz R. Mushrooms: a potential natural source of anti-inflammatory compounds for medical applications. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:805841. doi: 10.1155/2014/805841. Epub 2014 Nov 23. PMID: 25505823; PMCID: PMC4258329. 

• HIGH-INTENSITY EXERCISE: Hirsch, K. R., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Roelofs, E. J., Trexler, E. T., & Mock, M. G. (2017). Cordyceps militaris Improves Tolerance to High-Intensity Exercise After Acute and Chronic Supplementation. Journal of dietary supplements, 14(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2016.1203386

• ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: Protective role of Cordyceps militaris in Aβ_1–42-induced Alzheimer’s disease in vivo Mei Tong He, Ah Young Lee, Ji Hyun Kim, Chan Hum Park, Yu Su Shin, Eun Ju Cho - Food Sci Biotechnol. 2019 Jun; 28(3): 865–872.  Published online 2018 Dec 4. doi: 10.1007/s10068-018-0521-z PMCID: PMC6484065

• MEMORY: Lee, B., Park, J., Park, J. et al. Cordyceps Militaris improves neurite outgrowth in Neuro2A cells and reverses memory impairment in rats. Food Sci Biotechnol 20, 1599–1608 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-011-0221-4

• LEARNING + MEMORY: Yuan G, An L, Sun Y, Xu G, Du P. Improvement of Learning and Memory Induced by CordycepsPolypeptide Treatment and the Underlying Mechanism. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018;2018:9419264. Published 2018 Mar 15. doi:10.1155/2018/9419264

• EXERCISE PERFORMANCE: Eunhyun Choi, Junsang Oh & Gi-Ho Sung (2020) Beneficial Effect of Cordyceps militaris on Exercise Performance via Promoting Cellular Energy Production, Mycobiology, 48:6, 512-517, DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2020.1831135

• DEPRESSION: Yu-En Lin, Yi-Chun Chen, Kuan-Hung Lu, Yun-Ju Huang, Suraphan Panyod, Wei-Ting Liu, Shu-Hui Yang, Yun-Sheng Lu, Mei-Hsing Chen, Lee-Yan Sheen, Antidepressant-like effects of water extract of Cordyceps militaris (Linn.) Link by modulation of ROCK2/PTEN/Akt signaling in an unpredictable chronic mild stress-induced animal model, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 276, 2021, 114194, ISSN 0378-8741, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114194. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874121004219)

• COPD: Yang, Lei et al. “Cordyceps sinensis inhibits airway remodeling in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.” Experimental and therapeutic medicine vol. 15,3 (2018): 2731-2738. doi:10.3892/etm.2018.5777

• SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION: Jiraungkoorskul, Kanitta, and Wannee Jiraungkoorskul. “Review of Naturopathy of Medical Mushroom, Ophiocordyceps Sinensis, in Sexual Dysfunction.” Pharmacognosy reviews vol. 10,19 (2016): 1-5. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.176566

• IMMUNOMODULATION: Shin, S., et al., Role of Cordycepin and Adenosine on the Phenotypic Switch of Macrophages via Induced Anti-inflammatory Cytokines. Immune Netw, 2009. 9 (6): p. 255-64.

• NATURAL HISTORY: Greenwood, V. The worms that cost $20,000 a kilo. BBC Future 2016 [cited 2020 March 20]

• BREAST CANCER: Cai, H., et al., Extracts of Cordyceps sinensis inhibit breast cancer cell metastasis via down-regulation of metastasis-related cytokines expression. J Ethnopharmacol, 2018. 214: p. 106-112.

• LIVER CANCER: Guo, Z., et al., Cordycepin suppresses the migration and invasion of human liver cancer cells by downregulating the expression of CXCR4. Int J Mol Med, 2020. 45(1): p. 141-150.

• WEIGHT LOSS: An, Y., et al., Cordycepin reduces weight through regulating gut microbiota in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Lipids Health Dis, 2018. 17(1): p. 276.

• ASTHMA: Zheng, Y., L. Li, and T. Cai, Cordyceps polysaccharide ameliorates airway inflammation in an ovalbumin-induced mouse model of asthma via TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Respir Physiol Neurobiol, 2020. 276: p. 103412.

• ASTHMA: Wang, N., et al., Herbal Medicine Cordyceps sinensis Improves Health-Related Quality of Life in Moderate-to-Severe Asthma. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016. 2016: p. 6134593.

• TYPE 2 DIABETES: Zhao, H., et al., Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Effects of Acidic-Extractable Polysaccharides from Cordyceps militaris on Type 2 Diabetes Mice. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2018. 2018: p. 9150807.

• DEPRESSION: Li, B., et al., 3'-Deoxyadenosine (Cordycepin) Produces a Rapid and Robust Antidepressant Effect via Enhancing Prefrontal AMPA Receptor Signaling Pathway. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 2016. 19(4).

• OVERVIEW: Lin B, Li S. Cordyceps as an Herbal Drug. In: Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S, editors. Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd edition. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2011. Chapter 5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92758/

  

REISHI - (Ganoderma lucidum)

• KIDNEY DISEASE: ScienceDirect. (2019, November 20). Preventative and therapeutic effect of Ganoderma lucidum on kidney injuries and diseases. 

• CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS: Klupp NL, Chang D, Hawke F, et al. Ganoderma lucidum mushroom for the treatment of cardiovascular risk factors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(2):CD007259. Published 2015 Feb 17. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007259.pub2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6486141/

• FIBROMYALGIA: Pazzi F, Adsuar JC, Domínguez-Muñoz FJ, García-Gordillo MA, Gusi N, Collado-Mateo D. Ganoderma lucidum Effects on Mood and Health-Related Quality of Life in Women with Fibromyalgia. Healthcare (Basel). 2020;8(4):520. Published 2020 Nov 30. doi:10.3390/healthcare8040520

• SKIN DISEASES: Yin Z, Yang B, Ren H. Preventive and Therapeutic Effect of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) on Skin Diseases and Care. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1182:311-321. doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9421-9_14

• SLEEP: Yao, C., Wang, Z., Jiang, H., Yan, R., Huang, Q., Wang, Y., … Lv, L. (2021).  Ganoderma lucidum promotes sleep through a gut microbiota-dependent and serotonin-involved pathway in mice. Scientific Reports, 11(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92913-6

• CANCER DATA QUERY: National Cancer Institute – Medicinal Mushrooms (Physician Data Query) https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/patient/mushrooms-pdq

• SLEEP: Cui XY, Cui SY, Zhang J, Wang ZJ, Yu B, Sheng ZF, Zhang XQ, Zhang YH. Extract of Ganoderma lucidum prolongs sleep time in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Feb 15;139(3):796-800. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.020. Epub 2011 Dec 21. PMID: 22207209.

• TUMORS: Borchers A. T, Stern J. S, Hackman R. M, Keen C. L, Gershwin M. E. Minireview: Mushrooms, tumors and immunity. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1999;221:281–93.

• ANTI-TUMOR: Miyazaki T, Nishijima M. Studies on fungal polysaccharides. XXVII. Structural examination of a water-soluble, antitumor polysaccharide of Ganoderma lucidum. Chem Pharm Bull. 1981;29:3611–16.

• IMMUNOMODULATION: Mallard B, Leach D. N, Wohlmuth H, Tiralongo J. Synergistic immuno-modulatory activity in human macrophages of a medicinal mushroom formulation consisting of Reishi, Shiitake and Maitake. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(11).

• PROSTATE CANCER: Jiang J, Slivova V, Valachovicova T, Harvey K, Sliva D. Ganoderma lucidum inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells PC-3. Int J Oncol. 2004;24:1093–9.

• LUNG CANCER: Cao Q. Z, Lin Z. B. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide inhibits the growth of vascular endothelial cell and the induction of VEGF in human lung cancer cell. Life Sci. 2006;78:1457–63.

• COLON CANCER: Hong K. J, Dunn D. M, Shen C. L, Pence B. C. Effects of Ganoderma lucidum on apoptotic and anti-inflammatory function in HT-29 human colonic carcinoma cells. Phytother Res. 2004;18:768–70.

• ADVANCED-STAGE CANCER: Gao Y. H, Zhou S. F, Jiang W. Q, Huang M, Sai X. H. Effects of Ganopoly (a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract) on immune functions in advanced-stage cancer patients. Immunol Invest. 2003;32:201–15.

• ENHANCED IMMUNITY: Kuo M. C, Weng C. Y, Ha C. L, Wu M. J. Ganoderma lucidum mycelia enhance innate immunity by activating NF-kappaB. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;103:217–22.

• HIV: El-Mekkawy S, Meselhy M. R, Nakamura N, editors. et al. Anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-1-protease substances from Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry. 1998;49:1651–7.

• HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS: Oh K. W, Lee C. K, Kim Y. S, Eo S. K, Han S. S. Antiherpetic activities of acidic protein bound polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum alone and in combination with Acyclovir and Vidarabine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;72:221–7.

• CLINICAL ASPECTS: Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd edition. - 2011 - Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi) - A Medicinal Mushroom - Sissi Wachtel-Galor, John Yuen, John A. Buswell, and Iris F. F. Benzie. 

• OVERVIEW: restorativemedicine.org. Reishi Mushroom, Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) 

• OVERVIEW: Video - Benefits of Reishi – Dr. Ray Strand  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SzjwSJj5laI&t=4s

SHIITAKE - (Lentinula edodes)

• CHOLESTEROL: Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Maitake (Grifola frondosa) Fiber, Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) Fiber, and Enokitake (Flammulina velutipes) Fiber in Rats Michihiro Fukushima, Tetsu Ohashi, Yukiko Fujiwara, Kei Sonoyama, Masuo Nakano First Published September 1, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1177/153537020222600808

• ANTI-TNF-A (ANTI-ARTHRITIC): Xu X, Yasuda M, Nakamura-Tsuruta S, Mizuno M, Ashida H. β-Glucan from Lentinus edodes inhibits nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α production and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Biol Chem. 2012 Jan 6;287(2):871-8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.297887. Epub 2011 Nov 18. PMID: 22102286; PMCID: PMC3256862.

• ANTI-OXIDANT + ANTI-TUMOR: Finimundy TC, Gambato G, Fontana R, Camassola M, Salvador M, Moura S, Hess J, Henriques JA, Dillon AJ, Roesch-Ely M. Aqueous extracts of Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus sajor-caju exhibit high antioxidant capability and promising in vitro antitumor activity. Nutr Res. 2013 Jan;33(1):76-84. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.11.005. Epub 2012 Dec 6. PMID: 23351413.

• IMMUNOMODULATION: Mallard B, Leach D. N, Wohlmuth H, Tiralongo J. Synergistic immuno-modulatory activity in human macrophages of a medicinal mushroom formulation consisting of Reishi, Shiitake and Maitake. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(11).

 

MAITAKE - (Grifola frondosa)

• ANTI-INFLAMMATORY: Elsayed, E. A., El Enshasy, H., Wadaan, M. A., & Aziz, R. (2014). Mushrooms: a potential natural source of anti-inflammatory compounds for medical applications. Mediators of inflammation, 2014, 805841. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/805841NLMElsayed EA, El Enshasy H, Wadaan MA, Aziz R. Mushrooms: a potential natural source of anti-inflammatory compounds for medical applications. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:805841. doi: 10.1155/2014/805841. Epub 2014 Nov 23. PMID: 25505823; PMCID: PMC4258329. 

• CHOLESTEROL: Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Maitake (Grifola frondosa) Fiber, Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) Fiber, and Enokitake (Flammulina velutipes) Fiber in Rats Michihiro Fukushima, Tetsu Ohashi, Yukiko Fujiwara, Kei Sonoyama, Masuo Nakano First Published September 1, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1177/153537020222600808

• IMMUNOMODULATION: Mallard B, Leach D. N, Wohlmuth H, Tiralongo J. Synergistic immuno-modulatory activity in human macrophages of a medicinal mushroom formulation consisting of Reishi, Shiitake and Maitake. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(11).